INDIAN ARCHITECTURE Pdf Download

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PEASANT MOVEMENTS IN INDIA

MOVEMENT - REGION - YEAR -  LEADER - OBJECTIVE

★  Titu Mir’s Movement

☆  West Bengal

☆  1782-1831

☆  Mir Nathar Ali or Titu Mir

☆  Against Hindu landlords who imposed beared tax on the Farazis

★  Pagal Panthis Movement

☆  Hajong & Garo Tribes Mymensingh district, Bengal

☆  1825-1835

☆  Karam Shah and Tipu Shah

☆  Against hike in rents;the movement was violently suppressed

★  Moplah Uprising 

☆  Malabar 

☆  1836-1854

☆  Against rise in revenue demand and reduction of field size

★  Indigo Revolt

☆  Nadia District

☆  1859-1869

☆  Dagambar and Bishnu Biswas

☆  Against terms imposed by European indigo planters; Indigo commission(1860) set up to view the situation

★  Deccan Peasants Uprising

☆  Kardeh Village and Poona in Maharashtra 

☆  1875

☆  Against corrupt monylenders (Gujarati and Marwari); Agriculturist Relief Act (1879) passed.

★  Phadke’s Ramosi Uprising

☆  Ramosi, Maharashtra

☆  1877-1887

☆  Wesudeo Balwant Phadke

☆  Against the British failure to take up anti-famine measures.

★  Pabna Agrarian Uprising

☆  Pabna District,east Bengal (Now in Bangladesh)

☆  1873

☆  Shah Chandra Roy, Shambhu Pal Khoodi Mollah and supported by B.C Chatterjee and R.C Dutt

☆  Against POLICIES OF Zamindars to prevent occupants from acquiring occupancy rights, Bengal tenancy Act (1885) passed

★  Punjab’s Peasant’s Revolt

☆  Punjab

☆  Last decade of 19th  century

☆  Against prospect of losing their land ; the Punjab Land Alienation Act (1900 passed,imposed regulations on sale and mortage of land and revenue demands)

★  Poona Sarvajanik Sabha

☆  District of Thana, Colaba and Ratnagiri

☆  1870

☆  M.G Ranade

☆  To popularize the peasants legal rights 

★  Champaran Satyagraha 

☆  Champaran, Bihar

☆  1917

☆  Peasants

☆  Against the tinkathia system imposed by the European INDIGO Planters; the Champaran Agrarian Act abolished the tinkathaia system

★  Kheda Satyagraha

☆  Kheda ,Gujarat

☆  1918

☆  Peasants led by Gandhi

☆  Against ignored appeals for remission of land revenue in case of crop failures; the demands were finally fulfilled.

★  U.P kisan Sabha  

☆  United Province

☆  1918

☆  Indra Narain Dwivedi and Madan Mohan Malviya

★  Awadh Peasant Movement 

☆  Barielly-Pratapgarh region

☆  1918

★  Oudh Kisan Sabha

☆  Oudh 

☆  1920

☆  Nehru and Baba Ram Chandra

★  Andhra Ryots Association 

☆  Andhra 

☆  1928

☆  N.G Ranga

☆  Accepted Abolition of Zamindari

★  All India Kissan Sabha

☆  Apex Organization of Peasants

☆  1936

☆  Swami Sahajananda

☆  Protection of peasants from Economic Exploitation

★  Bardoli Satyagraha

☆  Surat,Gujarat

☆  1928

☆  Kunbi-Patidar Peasants and untouchables supported by Mehta brothers, Vallabhabhai Patel

☆  Against oppression by upper caste and hike in revenue by 22 percent by the Bombay government; the revenue was brought down to 6.03 %

★  Eka Movement

☆  Hardoi, Barabanki and Sitapur Districts

☆  1921-1922

☆  Members of Pasi and Ahir castes

☆  Against hike in rents

★  Tebhaga Movement

☆  Bengal

☆  1946

☆  By poor peasants and tenants and Bargardars or share-croppers

☆  Against Zamindars  and monylenders ; Bargardari Bill was passed

★  Telangana insurrection

☆  Hyderabad

☆  1946-1951

☆  Against Practices of monylenders and officials of the Nizam of Hyderabad

Indian archaeologists now believe the ancient Indian civilization at Harappa dates back as far as 7500 BC.

India — When archaeologist KN Dikshit was a fresh-faced undergraduate, in 1960, a remarkable discovery pushed back the origin of civilization in the Indus River Valley by some 500 years. Now, he claims to have proof that pushes India's origin back even further — making Indian civilization some 2,000 years older than previously believed.
“When Bhirrana [Rajasthan] was excavated, from 2003 to 2006, we [recovered artifacts that provided] 19 radiometric dates,” said Dikshit, who was until recently joint director general of the Archaeological Society of India. “Out of these 19 dates, six dates are from the early levels, and the time bracket is forming from 7500 BC to 6200 BC.”
Since the early excavations at Harappa and Mohenjodaro, in what is today Pakistan, the Indus Civilization has been considered among the world's most ancient civilizations — along with Egypt and Mesopotamia (in what is today Iraq).
In recent times, archaeologists divided the Indus Civilization into the pre-Harappan, mature Harappan and late Harappan periods. The pre-Harappan period was characterized by a primitive, Stone Age culture, while the late Harappan period featured sophisticated brick cities built on a grid system, with granaries, toilets and an as-yet undeciphered written language.
But the six samples discovered at Bhirrana include relatively advanced pottery, known as “hakra ware,” that suggests the ancient Harappan civilization began much earlier than previously believed — and that its epicenter lies in the Indian states of Harayana and Rajasthan, rather than across the border.
As Dikshit and his colleague, BR Mani, current joint director general of the ASI, write in a recent note on their findings:
“The earliest levels at Bhirrana and Kunal yielded ceramics and antiquities ... suggesting a continuity in culture, right from the middle of the eighth millennium BCE onwards ... till about 1800 BCE.”
That suggests the Harappan civilization is nearly as old as sites from West Asia such as Jericho, where evidence of a neolithic city has been found to date from as early as 9000 BC. But it also means that Harappa, with new proof of hakra ware dating to 7500 BC, may have been more technologically advanced — bolstering India's claim to the title of the cradle of civilization.
“When [John] Marshall excavated the Indus Valley Civilization [in 1922], he gave it the date of about 3000 BC,” said Dikshit. “But when [Mortimer] Wheeler came in 1944, he gave a shorter chronology and put the Indus Civilization between 2450 BC and 1900 BC. Those dates were also supported when Carbon-14 dates started to come from other parts of the world.”
More from GlobalPost: Mumbai on high alert with right-wing leader Bal Thackeray in critical condition
“In 1960, in Kalimanga, we were only able to push it back a few hundred years. But with these dates [from Bhirrana] things have entirely changed.”
Both Dikshit and Mani downplayed competition between India and Pakistan for bragging rights over the Indus civilization — where the best archaeological site for tourists is in Mohenjadaro, in Pakistan's Sindh province. But the ancient has a way of bleeding into the modern, as various controversies have shown over the years.
Most prominently, perhaps, the so-called “horse theory,” rooted in N.S. Rajaram's fraudulent claim that he had deciphered the Harappan script, introduced horses into a concocted history of the Harappan period in order to provide a missing link to the Vedic period in which the oldest scriptures of Hinduism were written.
Noted for his ties with the loonier side of Hindu nationalism, Rajaram pieced together a tale that suggested “Babylonian and Greek mathematics, all alphabetical scripts, and even Roman numerals flow out to the world from the Indus Valley’s infinitely fertile cultural womb,” according to Harvard Indologist Michael Witzel and comparative historian Steve Farmer.
But for Dikshit and Mani, manufactured controversies of that kind belong in the realm of politics, not archaeology.
“These things should not be raked up,” said Dikshit. “I just don't want to give any statement on this. People are talking. There was an Aryan invasion, then Aryan immigration, then horse theory — this theory, that theory. They are simply wasting their time.”

http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/asia-pacific/india/121116/indus-civilization-2000-years-old-archaeologists

Indian Heritage and Culture

UPSC had placed a special emphasis on Indian Heritage and Culture in the new Civil services pattern.It had also cover the major  topics in Indian history.
Like:

1. An Introduction
2. Indian Culture
3. Ancient India
4. Medieval India
5. Modern India
6. Indian Languages and Literature-I
7. Indian Languages and Literature-II
8. Religion and Philosophy in ancient India
9. Religion and Philosophy in Medieval India
10. Religious Reform Movements in Modern India
11. Indian Painting
12. Music, Dance and Drama
13. Indian Architecture
14. Science and Technology in India
15. Scientists of Ancient India
16. Science and Scientists of Medieval India
17. Scientists of Modern India
18. Education in India
19. Indian Social Structure
20. Socio-Cultural Issues in Contemporary India
21. Spread of Indian Culture Abroad

Here is the link to download the above topics in Indian Heritage and Culture provided by the National Institute of Open Schooling
Indian Heritage and Culture to download (Click here)

HISTORICAL EVENTS

B.C
2500-1800 Indus valley civilization.
599 Birth of Mahavir; Nirvana in 523. B.C.
563 Birth of Gautam Buddha; Nirvana in 483 B.C.
327-26 Alexander's invasion of India and the opening of land route between India and Europe.
269-232 Ashoka's reign.
261 Battle of Kalinga.
57 Beginning of Vikrama era.
30 Satvahana dynasty in Deooan. Pandyan empire in for south.
326 Alexander defeated Poras in the Battle of Hydaspas
261 Ashoka defeated Kalinga in the Kalinga War
A.D
78 Beginning of Saka era.
320 Beginning of Gupta era.
360 Samudragupta conquers the whole of N. India and much of the Deccan.
380-413 Rule of Chandragupta Vikramaditya, age of Kalidasa, renewal of induism.
606-647 Rule of Harshavardhana.
629-645 Hieun Tsang's visit in India.
622 Beginning of Hijra era.
712 Arab invasion of Sind by Mohd. bin Qasim.
1001-27 Repeated attacks of Mehmud Ghazni.
1025 Sacking of Somnath temple by Mehmud.
1191 First battle of Tarain in which Prithviraj Chauhan defeated Mohd. Ghori.
1192 Second battle of Tarain in which Mohd. Ghori defeated Prithviraj Chauhan.
1206 Qutubuddin Aibak founded the Ilbari/Slave dynasty.
1290 Jalaluddin Firuz Khilji established Khilji dynasty.
1290 Marco Polo visited India.
1320 Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq founded the Tughlaq dynasty.
1333 Ibn Batuta arrived in India.
1336 Harihara and Bukka founded the Vijaynagar empire.
1347 Bahmani kingdom founded.
1398 Timur invades India.
1451 Lodi dynasty comes in power in Delhi Sultanate.
1469 Birth of Guru Nanak Dev.
1498 Vasco da Gama lands at Calicut.
1510 Portuguese capture Goa-Albuquerque Governor.
1526 First Battle of Panipat in which Babar defeated Ibrahim Lodhi and established the Mughal dynasty.
1556 Second battle of Panipat in which Akbar defeated Hemu.
1565 Battle of Talikota in which Vijaynagar empire is defeated.
1571 Foundation of Fatehpur Sikri by Akbar.
1576 Battle of Haldighati in which Akbar defeated Maharana Pratap.
1582 Akbar started Din-i-llahi.
1600 English East India Company established.
1604 Compilation of Adi Granth.
1605 Death of Akbar.
1611 The English built a factory at Masulipatnam.
1627 Birth of Shivaji
1631 Death of Shah Jahan's wife Mumtaz Mahal. The building of Taj Mahal.
1658 Aurangzeb became Emperor of Delhi.
1666 Birth of Guru Gobind Singh.
1699 Guru Gobind Singh creates 'Khalsa'.
1707 Death of Aurangzeb, fall of Mughal empire begins.
1739 Nadir Shah invaded India; the peacock throne and the Kohinoor Diamond taken away from India.
1757 Battle of Plassey in which the English defeated Siraj-ud- daula, Nawab of Bengal.
1760 Battle of Wandiwash, end of French power in India,
1761 Third Battle of Panipat in which Ahmed Shah Abdali defeated the Marathas.
1764 Battle of Buxar in which the English defeated the triple alliance of Nawab Mir Qasim of Bengal, Nawab Shuja-ud-daula of Awadh and Mughal emperor Shah Alam.
1793 Permanent settlement in Bengal.
1799 Fourth Anglo Mysore War, death of Tipu Sultan, Ranjit Singh occupied Lahore and made it his capital.
1817-19 Marathas finally crushed.
1828 Lord William Bentick becomes Governor General; Era of social reforms; Prohibition of Sati (1829), Suppression of thugs (1830).
1835 Introduction of English as medium of instruction.

Ghadar Movement

The Ghadar Movement was a movement of patriotic, progressive, democratic, and enlightened Indians living abroad, working for the emancipation of India from the yoke of British colonialism and the birth of a new India based on national and social emancipation. They organized themselves in 1913 among communities throughout the world, adopting the following goals and means:

1-To liberate India with the force of arms from British servitude and to establish a free and independent India with equal rights for all.
2-To establish their headquarters in San Francisco, that would serve as a base to coordinate all the activities for achieving these aims and objectives.
3-To publish a weekly paper, Ghadar, in Urdu, Hindi, Punjabi and in other languages of India.
4-To hold organisational elections every year to elect a coordination committee from the different committees to carry out all the work.
5-To organize cells amongst Indian railway, industrial, and farm workers, as well as students who would be directly linked to the centre.
6-The coordination committee would elect a three-member commission to supervise the political and underground work.
7-Revenue would be drawn from each member through a monthly contribution of one dollar.
8-No discussion or debate was to take place on religion within the organization. Religion was considered a personal matter and that it had no place in the organization.
9-Every member was duty bound to participate in the liberation struggle of that country in which they were resident.


Members of the Ghadar Party

Baba Bhagwan Singh Dhosanjh
Maulavi Barkatullah
Kartar Singh Sarabha
Baba Visakha Singh
Harnam Singh Tundilat
Harnam Singh Kahira Sahira'
Harnam Singh Saini
Sohan Singh Bhakna
Lala Har Dayal
Tarak Nath Das
Pandurang Sadashiv Khankhoje
Ganda Singh (Phangureh)
V. G. Pingle
Bhai Randhir Singh
Munsha Singh Dukhi
Karim Bux
Harikrishan Talwar

The Gandhi Salt March:1930

In 1930 in order to help free India from British control, Mahatma Gandhi proposed a non-violent march protesting the British Salt Tax, continuing Gandhi's pleas for civil disobedience. The Salt Tax essentially made it illegal to sell or produce salt, allowing a complete British monopoly. Since salt is necessary in everyone's daily diet, everyone in India was affected. The Salt Tax made it illegal for workers to freely collect their own salt from the coasts of India, making them buy salt they couldn't really afford.
Return to "India under British Rule" Chronology

Before embarking on the 240-mile journey from Sabarmati to Dandi, Gandhi sent a letter to the Viceroy himself, forewarning their plans of civil disobedience

If my letter makes no appeal to your heart, on the eleventh day of this month I shall proceed with such co-workers of the Ashram as I can take, to disregard the provisions of the Salt Laws. I regard this tax to be the most iniquitous of all from the poor man's standpoint. As the Independence movement is essentially for the poorest in the land, the beginning will be made with this evil.

To deliver this letter, Gandhi chose an Englishman who believed in the Indian movement in efforts to promote non-violence. The Viceroy wrote back, explaining that the British would not change their policy: "[Gandhi was] contemplating a course of action which is clearly bound to involve violation of the law and danger to the public peace."

As promised, on March 12, 1930, Gandhi and 78 male satyagrahis (activists of truth and resolution) started their 23-day-long journey. Women weren't allowed to march because Gandhi felt women wouldn't provoke law enforcers like their male counterparts, making the officers react violently to non-violence. Along the march, the satyagrahis listened to Gandhi's favorite bhajan sung by Pandit Paluskar, a Hindustani vocalist; the roads were watered and softened, and fresh vegetation was thrown along the path. Gandhi spoke to each village they passed, and more and more men joined the march.

On April 5, 1930 Gandhi and his satyagrahis reached the coast. After prayers were offered, Gandhi spoke to the large crowd. He picked up a tiny lump of salt, breaking the law. Within moments, the satyagrahis followed Gandhi's passive defiance, picking up salt everywhere along the coast. A month later, Gandhi was arrested and thrown into prison, already full with fellow protestors.

The Salt March started a series of protests, closing many British shops and British mills. A march to Dharshana resulted in horrible violence. The non-violent satyagrahis did not defend themselves against the clubs of policemen, and many were killed instantly. The world embraced the satyagrahis and their non-violence, and eventually enabled India to gain their freedom from Britain.

Click here to read History of India form start to its unification

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please read this post to have a glance  with facts about events in Indian History.....

Indian History at a glance (click here)